Introduction

The theory of Evolution envisions a physical and mental development of early man from primitive life forms. However, the documented facts tell a far different story. Man has been uniquely endowed by his Creator from his introduction on Day Six.

I.  Superior Intellect from the Beginning

In the book, Panorama of Creation, this author has listed fifty-six characteristics that Pre-Flood man, from Adam forward, possessed.[1] As a society, only superior cultures have been documented as possessing all of these specific characteristics cumulatively. Among those fifty-six, ten are listed here:

1. Conceptual Analysis: “And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him” (Genesis 2:20). The fact that specific names were given to all varieties of separate groups with emphasis on distinctions among them, requires the ability to conceptualize objectively. In order to determine that none of the individuals under consideration would be intimately compatible with the observer further enhances the evidence that the observer had mature self-awareness and mental acumen.
2. Comparative Distinctions: “…gave names to all cattle…and to every beast of the field…” (Genesis 2:20). Distinction is made between groups; comparison and nomenclature are assigned accordingly.
3. Synergistic Language: “And Adam said, this is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh…” (Genesis 2:23, 24). Languages that feature enlarged expression, enhanced from preceding statements, require complicated emotional and mental capabilities.
4. Poetic Declamation: “…bone of my bones…flesh of my flesh…called Woman (‘from man’)…taken out of man…leave his father and mother…cleave unto his wife…they shall be one flesh…” (Genesis 2:23, 24). This is first a form of complicated poetic expression; but it is also a progressive statement encompassing origin, state, and destiny of the speaking person (Adam) and the recipient (Eve) to be heard and observed by future generations (leave Father and Mother). Any concept of “evolving man” is totally incapable of explaining this speech form.
5. Incident Reference: “…knew…conceived…have gotten a man…” (Genesis 4:1). A conscious reference is made to intimate physical relations, conception, and birth. Detailed sensitivities are honorably expressed with a deliberate emphasis on time and events.
6. Religious Preoccupation: “…brought an offering unto the Lord…” (Genesis 4:3,4). Religious exercise is ascribed to sophisticated man alone. Here we observe conscious religious activity with a specific offering to a specific God.
7. Moral Designation: “…whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold…” (Genesis 4:15). Moral responsibility and consequences in the event of failure are clearly defined. Protection and restriction relating to the guilty party are also enforced.
8. Offspring Endowment: “…and called the name of the city after the name of his son…” (Genesis 4:17). Filial endowments are recognized as being among the “ultimate resource and expression” of advanced Homo sapiens sapiens.
9. Artistic Appreciation: “…all such as handle the harp and organ…” (Genesis 4:21). A “guild association” is implied within this statement. Such responsive appreciation in harmony with skillful dexterity would warrant applause from any historian looking back on this generation.
10. Purposeful Motivation: “Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded him, so did he…” (Genesis 6:22). Emphasis is placed on the words “all,” “commanded,” and “did.” Noah (and his family) had the physical, mental, and volitional capacity to follow purposeful instruction with conscious extended performance.

II.  Abrupt Appearance of Intelligent Man

When history is properly interpreted, it has been demonstrated that Intelligent Man (comparable to Modern Man) appears fully functional, without intermediate fossils evolving from lower life forms: “There are no actual fossils directly antecedent to man.” ( L.B. Halstead, Nature, 20 Nov., 1980, p. 208). The major players in the “Ape to Man” myth have been re-examined and interpreted more correctly:

1. Homo erectus and Homo sapiens… “H. erectus…is insufficiently distinct from H. sapiens. All fossil remains of H. erectus and archaic H. sapiens (including Neanderthals) should be reclassified into a single species, H. sapiens, which is to be subdivided only into races.” (New Scientist, “On the Origin of Races,” January 16, 1993)
2. Neanderthal Comparison to Modern Humans… “Detailed comparisons of Neanderthal skeletal remains with those of modern humans have shown that there is nothing in Neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans.” (Erik Trinkaus, Natural History 87, 1978: 10)
3. The Aurignacian People…Contemporaries with Neanderthal They lived in the Ach Valley of the Alb-Danube Region of Germany. A Star Chart of Orion¹ was carved on a Mammoth tusk by these people who also lived as contemporaries with Job.

As Job’s consultants knew about the Creator and his association with mankind, these contemporary people would have the same general knowledge of the Creator and his splendors in the heavens. 

¹(www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/)

[1] Carl E. Baugh, Panorama of Creation, Bible Belt Publications, Bethany, OK, 1992, pp. 27-40

Introduction

Entomology is the study of insects, and its details leave us in overwhelming awe. The ancient Egyptians were so intrigued with insects that the beetle became their symbol for immortality. In our current abbreviated study we are indebted to the splendid new book, By Design: Evidence for Nature’s Intelligent Designer –The God of the Bible, by Jonathan Sarfati, Ph.D. We highly recommend this work that encompasses numerous fields of scientific investigation.

I.  Ingenious Fly Ear

Author Sarfati points out that the main mechanism for discerning the direction of a sound involves measuring the slight difference in the time of arrival of the sound at each ear, as well as the slightly greater intensity at the nearest ear.[1] The tiny female fly, Ormia ochracea, is able to track a cricket’s chirping in order to lay her eggs on him. To make this possible, a bridge like a flexible lever couples the fly’s eardrums together. The resulting resonance effectively increases the time difference about 40 times, and the eardrum nearest the sound vibrates about 10 decibels more strongly. Also, the fly’s flight programming links to its ear signals. Consequently, the fly can tell directions to within 2⁰.[2]

II.  Incredible Flight of Insects

According to conventional analysis insects generate only about one-third to one-half of the lift needed to carry their weight. Now it has been discovered that leading-edge vortex generates extra lift by lowering the atmospheric pressure in that specific area. In insects LEV’s generate the extra lift needed because the vortex stays “stuck” to the leading edge of the wing long enough for propagation.[3] Author Sarfati adds: “Insect wings have a very complex motion, rotating and changing the camber. It required sophisticated pro-gramming from intelligent design.”[4]

III. Intricate Butterfly Aerodynamics

Two Oxford university professors trained red admiral butterflies (Vanessa atalanta) to fly freely between artificial flowers in a wind tunnel. They reported:

“…[F]ree flying butterflies use a variety of unconventional aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force: wake capture, two different types of leading-edge vortex, active and inactive upstrokes, in addition to the use of rotational mechanisms and the Weis-Fogh ‘clap-and-fling’ mechanism. Free-flying butterflies often use different aerodynamic mechanisms in successive strokes. There seems to be no one ‘key’ to insect flight, instead insects rely on a wide array of aerodynamic mechanisms to take off, maneuver, maintain steady flight, and for landing.”[5]

IV.  In-built Gyroscopes

Most insects have two pairs of wings, but flies (Diptera) have only one. Instead of the other pair, they have little sticks with knobs called halteres. These beat in antiphase to the wings (in reverse direction). The base of the haltere has mechanical sensors called campaniform (bell shaped) sensilla that quickly pass on flight information to the wing-steering muscles. A team led by Michael Dickinson, of the University of California at Berkeley, found that nerves from the visual system connect to the halteres. Thus they immediately respond, and their sensilla in turn pass that information to the flight muscles.[6]

V.  Intercontinental Migrating Monarchs

Shortly after hatching, the spectacular Monarch butterfly flies thousands of miles, navigating unerringly to reach a place it has never seen. Remarkably, they often land on the exact tree their parents came from. They can do this even if they are taken hundreds of miles off course. For the monarch to accomplish this feat he relies on an internal clock, as well as an in-built “almanac” of the sun’s position relative to a date and time. They can use this method even on a cloudy day, because they can also detect the polarization angle of any light. These butterflies also have a built-in magnetic compass, so they can sense directions from the earth’s magnetic field.[7]

VI.  Inverted Ants and Bees

Ants and bees walk upside down because of masterful design. Each foot has a moist pad (arolium) that can stick to a smooth surface like wet paper on a window. This is between two claws, shaped like a bull’s horns. The claws can catch onto a rough surface, and the arolium is retracted because it is not needed. On a smooth surface the claws retract via the claw flexor tendon, which causes the arolium to rotate and extend into position. The tendon also connects to a plate that squeezes a reservoir of fluid, forcing the liquid into the arolium to inflate it, so it presses on the surface.[8]

[1] Sarfati, Jonathan, By Design, Creation Book Publishers (www.creationbookpublishers) , pp. 42,43

[2] Mason, A.C., et al., Hyperacute directional hearing in a microscale auditory system, Nature, 410(6829):686-690, 2001

[3] On a wing and a vortex, New Scientist 156(2103): 56, 2004

[4] Sarfiti, op cit.

[5] Srygley, R.B., and Thomas, A.L., Unconventional lift-generating mechanisms in free-flying butterflies, Nature 420(6916):660-664, 2002

[6] Chan, W.P., Prete, F, Dickinson, M.H., Visual input to the efficient control system of a fly’s “gyroscope,” Science 280(5361): 289-292, 1998

[7] Science News, 27 November, 1999, p. 343

[8] Walter Frederlie, W., et al, Biomechanics of the movable pretarsal adhesive organ in ants and bees. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98(11): 6215-6220, 2001

Introduction

Mammals cover a vast array of specialized creatures, each designed to function in a unique habitat. The deeper we research, the more we wonder at these created marvels.

I.  Dolphins and Echolocation

Author Jonathan Sarfati calls to our attention the fact that a number of creatures find prey by echolocation.[1] The object’s speed and location are determined by the Doppler Effect, interpreting variations in sound and pitch of the returning signal. A dolphin can detect a fish the size of a golf ball 230 feet way! An expert in chaos theory demonstrated that the dolphin’s “click” pattern is mathematically designed to provide the best information.[2] Evolutionists are compelled to admit that “the ancestors of today’s dolphins had an ear structure that suggests that they could echolocate as well as their modern relatives can.”[3]

The dolphin produces clicks by pressurizing the nasal system, then manipulating air through the phonic lips. The click loudness automatically adjusts for distance. Behaving as a “sound lens,” they have special oil-filled sinuses in the lower jaw that pass the echoes to the inner ear. Accompanying this they have a “melon” fatty protrusion on the forehead that focuses the sound waves into a beam on different lipids.[4]

II.  Bats and Aerial Dynamics

Bats, too, use sonar echolocation, but they also possess unique wing design. The stretchy skin on a bat’s wing interacts with air in a different manner than the firmer wings of birds and insects. This elasticity, combined with dozens of joints (even more than in a human hand) allows bats to generate unusual wing shapes and motions, e.g. ones that give more lift at higher angles of stroke. Their wings can also be folded very close to the body to reduce drag.[5]

Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon – one of the “oldest” bats, was found in the Messel oil shale pit near Darmstadt, Gemany, and is assigned an age of 48-54 million years (by evolutionary standards). It clearly had fully developed wings, and its inner ear had the same construction as those of modern bats, showing that it had full sonar equipment.[6] This discovery disrupts “evolutionary development” over long periods of time, and instead, demonstrates original masterful design in the bat features from a recent creation.

III. Whales and Humpback Flipper Bumps

The humpback whale has certain features that help it travel through its fluid medium with pronounced efficiency. Its bumpy flipper looks like poor design compared with smooth, sleek flippers. Research at the US Naval Academy using scale model flippers took advantage of these little bumps, called tubercles. In a wind tunnel, the smooth model behaved like a typical airplane wing. But the one with the tubercles has 8% better lift and an astounding 32% less drag. It also resisted “stalling” at a 40% steeper wing angle.[7]

IV.  The Human Spine and Optimal Design

“The inward curve of the lumbar spine – the lordosis – was thought by evolutionists to be a problem, the result of man standing upright…[Actually] the arch of the spine has a beautiful purpose, its like the arch of a bridge, it adds strength. Because of this arch in the lumbar spine, a man with a lumbar lordosis can lift proportionately more weight than a Gorilla with its kyphotic (outwardly curving) spine.

…[T]he bones of the spine have been ‘foam filled’ [‘light and strong’] with cancellous bone (with an open, latticed, or porous structure) surrounded by harder cortical bone since creation…The vertebral bodies increase in cross sectional area as you go further down the spine, because in the upright position the lower ones have to take on more load.”[8]

Numerous studies have hinted at the possibility that the spine is essentially a musical instrument. If so, the spine would incorporate some system of inaudible “sound resonance.” Using powders, liquids or pastes on sound boards, shapes have been sculpted purely by sound. Vibration caused material to take on a life of its own – and in its dance, beautiful symmetrical patters take shape. Some patterns look like rotating spiral galaxies or solar flares, others like flowers blooming or amoebae fusing.[9] “Bone is an excellent conductor of vibration and is therefore capable of resonance..[E]ach vertebra in the spine has a characteristic shape…[I]ndeed each vertebra does have a resonance frequency…[A]pplying the correct vibrational frequency to a vertebra can induce sympathetic vibration that restores the vertebra’s “natural” fundamental frequency.”[10] In addition, appropriate interaction of vibrational frequencies has been shown to increase bone density, thus extending the quality of life.[11] The human spine shows optimal, and incredible, design features.

[1] Sarfati, J., By Design, Creation Book Publishers, www.creationbookpublishers.com, p. 47

[2] Howlett, R., “Flippers Secret,” New Scientist, 154(2088) 34-39, 1997

[3] Perkins, S., “Learning to listen: How some vertebrates evolved biological sonar,” Science News 167(20); 314, 2005

[4] Sarfati, op cit, p. 48

[5] ibid., p.74

[6] ibid., p.75

[7] Miklosovic, D.S., et al., “Leading-edge Tubercles delay stall on Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) flippers, Physics of Fluids, 16(5), L39-L42, 2004

[8] Porter, R., “Standing upright for Creation,” Creation 25(1): 25-27, 2002

[9] Jenny, H., Cymatics: A Study of Wave Phenomena and Vibration, (Newmarket, NH: MACROmedia, 2001)

[10] Wieder, J., Song of the Spine (N. Charleston, SC: Booksurge, 2004)

[11] Rubin,C., Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Nature, 9 August, 2001

Introduction

The space-fabric template is in place to support the activities of a microscopic world in which living systems can perform their designed duties. Without these myriads of unseen entities life would not be possible, and without the “space template” these microscopic agents could not perform their life-supporting functions. The space fabric is essentially occupied by a “cooperating lattice” of subatomic particles.[1] This lattice supports the “tendrils of the cosmic web” and provides orientation for the physical components of the universe.[2] “…All of the masses, charges, and other properties of subatomic particles arise from a uniform chorus of violins playing a symphony of different notes.”[3] “…[And] as if by a chain, our planet’s surface [with all its components] is connected intimately with the space environment.”[4] The stage is now set for the miniature actors to debut their choreographed performances.

I. The Incredible DNA and its Information

The late Dr. Henry M. Morris commented on Psalm 139:15: “Curiously wrought” means “embroidered,” a striking description of the double-helical DNA molecular program which organizes part by part the beautiful structure of the whole infant…from the lowest [atomic mineral] parts of the earth.[5] A pinhead of DNA could hold 40 million times more information than our most advanced 100 gigabyte computer hard drive.[6] At least 93% of the so-called “junk DNA” is transcribed, and it is about 50 times more active than the genes, as shown by the amount of RNA transcripts.[7] Even the choice of the base-pair letters A (adenine), T (thymine), G (guanine), and C (cytosine) now seems to be based on minimizing error during reproduction.[8]

II. The Living Cell and its Components

These components are illustrated for the reader. It must be remembered that “No living molecule is self-reproducing. Only whole cells may contain all the necessary machinery for ‘self’-replication….without the protein-forming machinery nothing can be made.”[9] Sir Karl Popper pointed out, “What makes the [evolutionary] origin of life and of the genetic code a disturbing riddle is this: the genetic code is without any biological function unless it is translated, that is, unless it leads to the synthesis of the proteins whose structure is laid down by the code. But… the machinery by which the cell… translates the code consists of at least fifty macromolecular components which are themselves coded in the DNA. Thus the code cannot be translated except by using certain products of its translation.”[10]

III. Bacteria and the Bacterial Flagellum

Under the ground invisible organisms, including, yeast, molds, microscopic invertebrates, nematode worms, and especially bacteria…. balance the aboveground ecosystem as they make nutrients and minerals available for plant life.[11] Deep earth appears to be a major chemical factory, filled with a mass of bacteria greater than the combined mass of all plants and animals living on the surface.[12]

About 5,000 species of bacteria have been identified, but only about 8 percent cause disease.[13] “Cyanobacteria in the oceans break apart the bonds of carbon dioxide, making oxygen available to living things. Perhaps the most abundant creatures on earth, these microbes may release more oxygen than all green plants combined… [In carbon-recycling] one specific duty [of bacteria] is to break down dead plant [and animal matter]…A group of bacteria, known as lithotrophs, feed on minerals within rocks and break them down, thus enriching the soil…The bacteria in the genus Rhizobium, which live in and around plants, fix the nitrogen…Some bacteria even help to make it rain!”[14]

The marvelous irreducibly complex Bacterial Flagellum is powered by an electric motor, with the following features: self assembly and repair, water-cooled rotary engine, proton motive force drive system, forward and reverse gears, operating speeds up to 100,000 rpm, direction-reversing capacity within ¼ of a turn.[15]

[1] M. Simphony, Matter, Space, and Radiation, World Scientific Publishing Company, New Jersey, 1994, pp. 86, 87

[2] Claude-Andre Faucher-Gilguere, Adam Lidz, Lars Hernquist, “Numerical Simulations Unravel the Cosmic Web,” Science, Vol. 319, 4 January, 2008, p. 52

[3] Science, Vol. 256, June 12, 1992, p. 1518

[4] Louis J. Lanzerotti and Chanchal Uberoi, “Earth’s Magnetic Environment,” Sky and Telescope, Oct., 1998, pp. 360-362

[5] Henry M. Morris, The Defenders Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Word Publishing, 1995), p. 669

[6] Jonathan Sarfati, By Design, Creation Book Publishers, 2008, p. 160

[7] Ibid., p. 210

[8] D. Bradley, “The Genome Chose its Alphabet with Care,” Science, 297(5588): 1789-91, 2002

[9] Richard Lewontin, “The Dream of the Human Genome,” New York Review of Books, May 28, 1992, p. 33

[10] K.R. Popper, “Scientific Reduction and the Essential Incompleteness of All Science,” Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, University of California Press, Berkley, 1974, p. 279

[11] Yvonne Baskin, Under Ground: How Creatures of Mud and Dirt Shape our World, Shearwater

[12] Joe Francis, Answers Magazine, July-Sept., 2008, p.52

[13] Ibid.

[14] Ibid, p. 53

[15] Jonathan Sarfati, Ibid., p. 136

Introduction…The Evolution Model begins with Seven Assumptions (none of which have ever been observed in the field or demonstrated in the laboratory):

1. Non-living elements gave rise to living material…
2. Spontaneous generation occurred only once…
3. Viruses, bacteria, plants and animals are all related…
4. Single-celled life forms gave rise to multiple-celled life forms…
5. Various invertebrate phyla are related…
6. Invertebrates gave rise to vertebrates…
7. Fish gave rise to amphibians to reptiles, to birds, to mammals, to primates, to man…[1]

In contrast…The Creation Model begins with One Assumption (which is consistent with laboratory experiments in microbiology and life-sciences):

1. The overwhelming complexity found in living systems throughout nature requires a Designer for its origin. (Living material may be re-arranged in its order, but it has never been observed to increase in complexity from the original stock.)

I.  The Living Cell…

“There are more than twenty different sections in a cell…a single flaw in the cell’s protein transport pathway is fatal. Unless the entire system were immediately in place, our ancestors would have suffered a similar fate.”[2] “Only whole cells…contain all the necessary machinery for ‘self-replication’…without the protein-forming machinery nothing can be made.”[3] The chance assemblage of the 60,000 proteins in a single cell is one in 10 to the 4,478,296 power![4]

II.  The Bacterial Flagellum…

The marvelous irreducibly complex Bacterial Flagellum is powered by an electric motor, with the following features: self assembly and repair, water-cooled rotary engine, proton motive force drive system, forward and reverse gears, operating speeds up to 100,000 rpm, direction-reversing capacity within ¼ of a turn.[5]

III.   The Eyes of the Trilobite…

At the bottom of the Geologic Column lies a fossil organism that is so complicated in its structure that it defies evolutionary explanation at its roots. Appearing full-blown in the Cambrian Explosion is the Trilobite with its ecological fitness and its compound eyes, demonstrating ultimate optics in exquisite design.

The lens of the trilobite eyes represents a marvel of design in correcting for “spherical aberration” in its crystalline shape. This problem is seen where light is distorted along the edges of lenses. Rene Descartes and Christian Huygens invented correcting lenses in the 1600’s. But the trilobites already possessed the correct shape from the beginning!

IV.  The Human Brain…

The physical brain is comprised of over 100 billion cells, each with up to 50,000 neuron connections to other brain cells.[6] This structure receives over 100 million separate signals from the total human body every second. Stanford University professors Stephen Smith and E.A. Moore authored a recent study showing that “[T]he brain’s complexity is beyond anything [we had] imagined…the total number of synapses in a brain roughly equal the number of stars in 1,500 Milky Way galaxies!

...Memory patterns and tiny on/off switches, which were long thought to reside in the larger neuron bodies, were instead found to be smaller than the tiny synapse connections. Each of the neurons imaged in the study serves thousands of synapses…One synapse may contain on the order of 1,000 molecular-scale switches. A single human brain has more switches than all the computers and routers and internet connections on earth.”[7]

V.  The Original Earth…

The marvelous design of Earth’s original structure provided optimal benefits to all living systems, especially Man who was placed in charge of the planet. Of special significance was the “firmament” (raqiya) that was divinely set in place on Day Two. It is seen as beginning at the watery Earth and extending throughout space as a universal macrocosm expanse of lattice structure, consisting of charged subatomic particles. These particles formed the structure that would later stabilize the universal arrangement of stellar bodies and various atomic elements.

Simultaneously, in order to focus the benefit of universal radiation, the firmament formed locally as a thin microcosm complex of crystalline structure suspended directly above Earth. Dr. Edward Boudreaux has demonstrated that crystalline materials, such as silicate sugilite, can be held in a suspended canopy lattice by the earth’s magnetic field.[8] The firmament, locally and universally, was essentially one seamless whole in structure.

Conclusion…Intelligent Design is observed in all areas of scientific investigation. Any interpretation of these marvelous phenomena as coming about by natural processes represents a willful disregard for the established laws of science and lack of appreciation for the mercies of the Creator Himself.

[1] G.A. Kerkut, Implications of Evolution, (New York: Pergamon Press, 1960) Ch. 2, p. 6

[2] Michael J. Behe, Darwin’s Black Box (New York: The Free Press, 1996), pp. 103,114

[3] Richard Lowontin, “The Dream of the Human Genome,” New York Review of Books, May 28, 1992, p. 33

[4] Joseph Mastropaulo, “Evolution is Biologically Impossible,” Impact #317 (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research)

[5] Jonathan Sarfati, Ibid., p. 136

[6] The Brain, Our Universe Within, PBS broadcast

[7] E.A. Moore, Human Brain has more switches than all computers on Earth, CNET News, news.cnet.com November 17, 2010

[8] Edward Boudreaux and Eric Baxter, God Created the Earth, Rocky Mountain Creation Fellowship, P.O. Box 3451, Littleton, CO 80161