ANCIENT HUMAN CULTURES APPEAR IN SOPHISTICATED FORM

Humans have many unusual characteristics, not least of which is our intense curiosity about our relationships with the world around us. We look at the many animals with which we share our planet and ask what it is that makes us different from them. We wonder if there are other living worlds scattered throughout the universe. Philosophical thought through the ages reflects an obsession with the question of what it means to be human.

That we are capable of thinking about our origins and the world and universe around us is rather enlightening. This intrinsic quality of man is a universal experience, and all indications are that this quality in man has always existed since man has been man. The National Geographic Society published a voluminous cultural atlas to the ancient world called Peoples and Places Of The Past. On page 8 the editors comment that "the origins of complex thinking lie far back in our past.1

PHYLUM Chordata (chordates) 
  SUBPHYLUM Vertebrata (vertebrates) 
    CLASS Mammalia (mammals) 
      SUBCLASS Eutheria (placental mammals)
        ORDER Primates 
          SUBORDER Anthropoidea (higher primates)
            SUPERFAMILY Hominoidea (hominoids) 
              FAMILY Hominidae (hominids) 
                GENUS Homo (man)
                  SPECIES Homo sapiens (intelligent man)
                    SUBSPECIES Homo sapiens sapiens (modern intelligent man) 

Man differs from all other animals in many respects, such as his permanently erect posture, the size and function of his brain, and his mode of life in societies. He is also the only creature capable of conscious action, of working and producing and of controlling nature itself for a useful purpose. ...Man's ability to create a secondary environment through his culture has separated him from other animals....He altered his conditions and himself by continuous, purposeful and consciously directed activity; this eventually led to the highest forms of science and art. culture and civilization.2

• In man the cranial part of the head is larger than the facial part, and the high braincase forms a bulging forehead. The arch of the jaw is short and horseshoe-shaped, and has no spaces for the canines; the canines are incisor- like, they do not project beyond the other teeth, and they display only small sex-related size differences. The premolars are "grinding' teeth, and the third premolar particularly has lost any trace of its primitive cutting function. The eyes are capable of both black-and-white and colour vision. The outer part of the ear terminates in a lobe and has a curled rim. The nasal bones project from the face and are fitted together like a roof....The mucous membrane covers the outside of the lips to a considerable distance and the upper lip has a groove in the center.
• The human brain is several times larger than that of anthropoid apes and in relation to body weight it is heavier. The formation of a larJre number of convolutions has increased the surface of the brain to about two square meters; and the structure of the brain tissue is also more complex.
• The spine has two S-shaped bends, and adaptation to upright posture.
• The pelvis is wide and carries the whole weight of the trunk, distributing the pressure on the lower limbs.
• The arms are mobile and they lack the weight-bearing specialization present in the great apes. The freeing of the arms from their locomotor function makes them available for other uses, initially probably food gathering and carrying, but later the full range of man's activities. The human hand has a well-developed thumb, very large relative to the fingers, and the hand is adapted for high-precision gripping of objects.
• The legs are very long in relation to the trunk and are adapted for bearing the full body weight. The foot has longitudinal and lateral arches for softening the impact on the ground. Much of the stress during walking is taken through the big toe, which in man is not divergent but is parallel to the other toes. It is also by far the most robust of the five toes.

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This list can be summarized into two major characters that are unique to man: his large skull and brain size, with all its related features, and the fact that he walks upright on two legs.

...Man's exceptional position in nature and the differences between man and animals are also due to other developments of the human brain. Man does not see better than birds and there are many species which surpass him in swiftness, strength, hearing and a sense of smell. Unlike animals, however, man can live in any climate and any surroundings, he can penetrate the Earth's depths, climb the highest mountains and venture out into space; he has mastered the use of fire and has learnt all about the atom and how to control it - all as a result of the development of his brain and the use of his hands.

Since man first came into existence, his most significant and most important activity has been work, i.e. activity with a specific aim, a thing which does not exist among animals. Work is the true prerogative of the human race. ...Most animal activities are instinctive (though some can be learned), but only man consciously alters his work to suit his requirements and at the same time alters his physical and mental activity and makes himself master of his environment. Animals influence nature simply by existing in it, for instance by moving about in it and living on its produce, but man, through his work, has a much greater effect on nature and leaves traces of his activities behind him. When animals die out. nature remains basicallv unchanged, whereas every human generation leaves behind it concrete reminders of its working activity.3

With the use of appropriate testing procedures it has been found that the intelligence oftoday's primitive peoples approximates our own. Anthropologists agree that this intelligence and the presence of human culture distinguish man from al] animals. It is primarily linguistic intelligence which is given priority listing. Linguistic communicative skills marks supelior intelligence even within higher civilizations. "The fact is that many 'primitive' languages aren't any more primitive than most of the rest of the culture; indeed, they are often a great deal more complex and more efficient than the languages of the so-called higher civilizations."4

It is a contention of this dissertation work that ancient man did indeed possess intelligence and skills comparable to modern man; in fact, man as sophisticated and competent as modern man was actually there. Ancient man appears on the scene capable and competent. In an original work done for this research, associate Michael Reddick ran a sophisticated 1/1,000-inch calibrated measurement of the best-preserved small "hominid" footprint discovered by Mary Leakey at Laetoli in East Africa.

These original measurements were made from a certified hard cast of the Laetoli footprint. After "X" "Y" "Z" dimensional measurements were run, the data was computer-generated to reveal a calibrated reproduction of the print. This reproduction of the footprint displayed features which are exclusively seen in the Homo sapien footprint. These features are:

• (1) calcaneus (heel),
• (2) transverse arch,
• (3) lateral side of the longitudinal arch,
• (4) medial side of the longitudinal arch,
• (5) base of the fifth metatarsal,
• (6) first phalange (great toe),
• (7) phalanges trench (digits 2-5), and
• (8) areas of weight distribution.

These areas of weight distribution correspond specifically and exclusively to mankind. They include: (1) the calcaneus heel section as the first area of impression in man's forward locomotion, (2) the lateral flange area along the outside of the foot toward the small toe, the second area of transfer impression in man's forward locomotion, and (3) the ball-great toe section along the inside of the foot, the third area of transfer impression in man's forward locomotion. These areas of weight distribution indicate that the individual making the footprints was not hominid, but true Homo sapien. The implication of this research is that fully developed man was present in ancient times.

Key missing links are not available to explain the sudden appearance of man at the top of the paleontological record just as key missing links are not available to explain sudden appearances at the beginning of the fossil record. Research within the past thirty years has but enhanced the universal frustration at continuously finding these sudden unprecursored appearances of complicated life forms at the beginning of the Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era, along with other such complicated life forms appearing throughout the geologic column. Former U.C.L.A. geology professor, H.S. Ladd, spoke of the missing chain. "Most paleontologists today give little thought to fossiliferous rocks older than the Cambrian, thus ignoring the most important missing link of all. Indeed the missing Pre-Cambrian record cannot properly be described as a link for it is in reality about nine-tenths of the chain of life: the first nine-tenths.''5

In this dissertation application is made to the sudden appearance of man in ancient times. Eugene Dubois discovered two human skulls at a site on the same geologic level as that of Pithecanthropus. He, of course, buried these skulls beneath the floor of his home in Holland. Philosophic, emotional bias has often been practiced at the sacrifice of scientific investigation. Everett C. Olsen, who held a position as professor of geology at the University of Chicago, wrote that "...the intensive, often emotional, search for man's ancestors has undoubtedly colored interpretations."6 This emotional bias is inexcusable if it in fact disregards or suppresses tenants of applicable evidence.

lt appears that academic adherence to the standard evolutionary interpretation has overlooked applicable evidences. Between 1860 and 1880 a modern human skull was discovered in Italy (called the Castenodolo skull) in Pliocene rocks. This skull was not included in man's academic ascent, because the rocks were too old, The Olmo skull was found in Italy in 1863 in Pliocene rocks. It was ignored for the same reasons. In March, 1973, Nature magazine carried an article which revealed that anthropologist Bryan Patterson had discovered a portion of the right side of a hominid mandible (lower jaw) with one molar attached. The fossil was quite human in appearance. Using potassium argon dating techniques and adjacent fauna fossil dating, the mandible was assigned an age of 5.5 million years. Anthropologist Donald Johanson discovered Homo leg, foot, hand and jaw bones at Hadar and dated them from 3.25 million years ago (older than Lucy). He referred to them as: "uncanny resemblance to ours...startlingly similar...astonishingly similar."7 B. Wood relates that anthropologist Mary Leakey found Homo jaws and teeth shaped like those of modern man at Laotoli and dated them at 3.5 to 3.75 years B.p.8

Cultural anthropologists have attempted to trace the evolutionary stages of various social institutions. In economics mankind is alleged to have gone through the food gathering stage to hunting, cattle breeding, agriculture and then industry. Supposedly, the evolution of marriage and the family developed through sexual promiscuity to polygamy, to patriarchal monogamy, and then to the conjugal family of today. Technology is supposed to have followed the pattern of wood, stone, bronze, then iron. In the case of religion the evolutionary development is portrayed as: magic, animism, totemism, polytheism, monotheism, and ethical monotheism.9

Many scientists today have rejected this model of social evolution. Actual observation in cultural practice has removed much of this simplistic explanation. Monogamy is now considered by many to have been the earliest form of marriage and monotheism the earliest form of religion.10

It is becoming increasingly clear that ancient man appeared with intact culture. Even strongly biased evolutionary sources are less reticent to admit this concept than they were a few years ago. "People living at Terra Amata in southern France about 300,000 years ago built camps with huts made from wooden poles and stones, roofed with hide or branches. They used stone 'hand axes' and were skilled hunters, killing elephants, wild boars, and rhinoceroses." " According to the Houston Chronicle (Texas 12/22186) a new portrait of humanity in the late neolithic age is unfolding as a result of recent archaeological discovelies. Researchers have found that trading networks, specialized production of tools and clothing, and a social hierarchy - even technological experimentation - were aspects of early society, The article further states that in the past archaeologists have been inclined to interpret sites in isolation, and not in relation to others, making for a very limited picture of the ancients.

A more exact profile on ancient man can be derived from examination of actual artifacts which reveal his extensive sophistication. Rene Noorbergen writes that "for the past thirty years there has been a steadily increasing number of historical and archaeological discoveries made at various sites around the world, which, because of their mysterious and highly controversial nature, have been classified as 'out-of-place' artifacts....The reason for this designation is that they are found in geological strata where they shouldn't be, and their sudden appearance in these layers of ancient dirt has baffled the minds of many a trained scientific observer. They emerge from among the remains of the treasured past sans evidence of any preceding period of culture or technological growth. In many cases, the technical sophistication of the (out-of-place artifacts) extends far beyond the inventive capabilities of the ancient peoples among whose remains they were discovered.''12

Site Medzamor in Soviet Armenia is of intriguing interest. An international scientific report published in 1969 expressed the belief that these finds point to an unknown period of technological development. "Medzamor was founded by the wise men of earlier civilizations. They possessed knowledge they had acquired during a remote age unknown to us that deserves to be called scientific and industrial.'13

The preceding year Koriun Megurtchian of the Soviet Union unearthed the oldest large-scale metallurgical factory currently known. At this site over 4,500 years ago an unknown prehistoric people worked with over 200 furnaces, producing an assortment of vases, knives, spearheads, rings, bracelets, etc. The Medzamor craftsmen wore mouth-filters and gloves while they labored and expertly fashioned their wares of copper, lead, zinc, iron, gold, tin, manganese, and fourteen kinds of bronze. The smelters also produced an assortment of metallic paints, ceramics and glass. Scientific organizations from the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France and Germany verified that several pairs of tweezers made of exceptionally high grade steel were taken from layers predating the first millennium B.C.14

It was perhaps with uncanny insight that historian Will Durant wrote, "Immense volumes have been written to expound our knowledge, and conceal our ignorance, of primitive man...primitive cultures were not necessarily the ancestors of our own; for all we know they may be the degenerate remnants of higher cultures..."15

Prehistorian Robert Silverberg describes the sophistication of Paleolithic art in terms which equate with the thesis of this dissertation: "The cave paintings are upsetting to those who prefer to think of Quaternary man as little more than an ape. Not only do they indicate great craftsmanship, but they point to a whole constellation of conclusions: That primitive man had an organized society with continuity and shape, religion and art. It was so dismaying to learn that the earliest inhabitants of Western Europe...had scaled heights of artistic achievement that would not be reached again until late in the Christian era. That exploded the theory [that] man's rise from barbarism had been steady and always upward.''16 From the facts at hand there is warrant for the concept that barbarism occurred after the great heights of achievement were manifest. The great archaeologist, William F. Albright, in From The Stone Age To Christianity, gave his expert impressions about Paleolithic art: "...though the number of motifs, techniques and media available to him now is, of course, immeasurably greater, it is very doubtful whether man's artistic capabilities are actually any higher today than they were in late prehistoric times."

What are perhaps the most disturbing prehistoric construction and civilization ffnds were uncovered in 1965 by archaeologist Dragoslav Srejovic at a site now called Starveco, on the Danube River, on the Yugoslavian and Rumanian border. Digging into the Yugoslavian bank, Srejovic first encountered traces of a Roman road; beneath this were fragments of proto-Greek pottery, and below these were Neolithic remnants and traces of Mesolithic cultural artifacts. Deeper still, Srejovic came upon something totally out of place: the remains of a cement floor. More speciffcally, the material was an amalgam of local limestone, sand and water, considered a feat of chemistry and construction several millennia ahead of its time. The cement surfaces were not placed haphazardly, but were carefully laid out in large slabs to form the foundations of houses. Several foundations were built one on top of another, indicating that buildings had been constructed and reconstructed over an in determinate period. Yet there was also remarkable uniformity. The layout of the houses in the later periods was the same as that in the earlier periods - there was no evidence of a gradual development from a simple to a complex pattern. Rather, the Starveco village suddenly appeared, fully mature, flourished, then decayed and was abandoned in the same advanced state.

In addition to the foundations, the individual Starveco buildings also showed a high order of architectural sophistication. They all had one side larger in size than the other three, with proportions of either 3:1 or 4:1. The larger side was shaped like a 60-degree segment of a circle. This larger side always faced toward the river, providing the occupants with the maximum view of the Danube and the surrounding hilly country. Inside each house, the shape of the dwelling was repeated in the hearth or oven, which was bounded by carefully shaped stone slabs and always located in the eastern or sunny end of the house. Srejovic noted that the position of the hearth was significant, as it was situated in the exact center of an equilateral triangle if the lines of the house were extended....The implications of the mathematical and geometrical knowledge cannot be ignored.

The same precision and order evident in the architecture is also found in the arrangement of the dwellings at the Starveco site. The structures were laid out in what appears to have been a planned fan shape, opening toward the riverbank. The larger buildings, presumably those belonging to members of a higher class or governing body, were located toward the center, surrounding a paved plaza...

The Starveco site has yielded a number of other cultural characteristics previously thought to have been developed thousands of years later, in the Middle East. Behind the hearth in each house, laborers unearthed the remains of altars, indicating religious beliefs and practices. Each altar was composed of a flat stone, with a cup impression for burning a sacriffce, which faced two or more upright stones of reddish sandstone. This sandstone has been excavated from an outcrop, located in a ravine several miles away, and many of the stones had carved wavy lines or chevrons in low relief, considered the oldest examples of architectural decoration. Even more significant was the discovery of twenty sculpted life-size human faces of stone....

An interesting aspect of the site was the evidence of very good health among the Starveco population. There was a striking absence of deformed or diseased bones, and the women were so robustly built that it was difficult to tell their skeletal remains from those of the men.'17

In a cave near Lussac-les-Chateaux, in 1937, Leon Pericard and Stephane Lwoff uncovered a number of engraved stones dating from the Magdalenian period which drastically altered the accepted picture. The flat stones showed men and women in casual poses, wearing robes, boots, belts, coats and hats. One engraving is a profile of a young lady who appears to be sitting and watching something. She is dressed in a pant suit with a short-sleeved jacket, a pair of small boots, and a decorated hat that flops down over her right ear and touches her shoulder. Resting on her lap is a square, flat object that folds down the front, very much like a modern purse. Other examples show men wearing well-tailored pants and coats, broad belts with clasps, and clipped beards and moustaches.

...The Lussac models are by no means the only evidence of sophisticated dress from the Stone Age. Prehistoric cave paintings from the Kalahari Desert of Southwest Africa, dated within the Stone Age period, show light-skinned men with blond beards and well-styled hair, wearing boots, tight fitting pants, multicolored shirts, and coats and gloves.18

1. Conceptual analysis. "And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.''19 That specific names were given to all varieties of separate groups with emphasis on distinctions among them requires the ability to conceptualize objectively. In order to determine that none of the individuals under consideration would be intimately compatible with the observer further enhances the evidence that the observer had mature self-awareness and mental powers.
2. Comparative observation. "...gave names to all cattle... and to every beast of the field."20 Not only is there distinction made between groups, but comparison and nomenclature is assigned accordingly.
3. Observational articulation. "...gave names to all cattle..."21 Cattle are observed, named and seen as being categorically separate from undomesticable beasts of the field. Those assigned names were articulated and memorialized for ongoing generations. "Whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof."22 Such deliberate memorializing for future generations requires sequential listing, even if only by memory.
4. Synergistic language. "And Adam said, this is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh..."23 Language which uses enlarged expression enhanced by immediate preceding statements requires complicated emotional and mental functions. The nature of the recorded expression entails common genetic makeup in contradistinction to the other life forms mentioned, known at least by the writer of the manuscript and known by surface value of the text to Adam, the person making the statement. Common contradistinctive genetic makeup has only been known within recent years by our generation. Functional knowledge among the ancients surpassed the commonly held view among anthropologists.
5. Speech anatomy. "...leave his father and mother,and shall cleave...''24 The complicated structure of the larynx system and the ability of the oral muscles to frame these words far surpasses commonly held views regarding developing man, such as Neanderthal or Cro-Magnon.
6. Parallel expression.
   • "...bone of my bones flesh of my flesh... ...called Woman (from man)
   • "...taken out of man
   • "...leave his father and mother ...cleave unto his wife
   • "...they shall be one flesh [repeats concept of common flesh as first mentioned in parallelism]"25 This form of poetry and complicated expression reveals a highly developed ability in expression.
7. Poetic declamation. Not only is this a form of complicated poetic expression, but it is a progressive statement encompassing origin, state and destiny of the speaking person (Adam) and the audience (Woman) to be heard and observed by future generations (Father and Mother). Developing man is totally incapable of this speech form.
8. Domestic attachment. "They shall be one flesh."26 Monogamy and union are expressed and pronounced in the declamation. Filial and romantic ties are strongly suggested.
9. (9) Domestic orientation. "...knew Eve his wife..."27 Position and physical union are both expressed in an oriented sense. Father, mother and child are listed by name.
10. Incident reference. "...knew...conceived...have gotten a man..."28 A conscious reference is made to physical relations, conception and birth. Detailed sensitivities are honorably expressed with a deliberate emphasis on time and events.
11. Time perspective. "...tiller of the ground...in process of time...brought of the fruit of the ground..."29 Recognition of time, cultivation and harvest require sophistication and concept. Man is again seen as being mature, sensitive and competent.
12. Occupational distinction. "Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground."30 This concept exposes more than a casual reference to occupation. In short expression we are given names, occupations and job description. "Keeper" and "tiller" are in correct reference to their appropriate occupations.
13. Environmental cultivation. "...tiller of the ground...''31 Anthropologists agree that mature man is the only creature which can deliberately alter his environment. Deliberate cultivation for harvesting purposes is clearly described, requiring concept and intent.
14. Religious preoccupation. "...brought an offering unto the Lord..."32 Religious exercise is ascribed to man alone. Conscious religious activity with a specific offering to a specific God is described.
15. Conceptual anarchy. "Cain was very wroth...and the Lord said..."33 The related expression is that of anger to the point of vindictive action against the established authority.
16. Emotional responses (negative). "...and his countenance fell."34 Displayed emotional response to a person relating to an event in time followed by consequences of that response can only be interpreted in the light of cultured man.
17. Criminal propensity (individual). "Cain rose up against Abel his brother, and slew him."35 Meaningful commentary is given with insight into individual moral shortfall. Anthropologists view morality and accountability to have developed very late in man's descent. Social anthropologists recognize criminal propensity as being the experience of truly modern man.
18. Guilt consciousness. "My punishment is greater than I can bear."36 Modern sophistication and sensitivities are in view in a very ancient context. Knowledge that this guilt complex would follow in his experience for years authenticates the text as being more than embellished writing.
19. Moral designation. "...whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold."37 Moral responsibility to a person and consequences in the event of failure are clearly defined. Protection and restriction relating to the guilty person are also enforced. This describes sophisticated structure.
20. Territorial recognition. "...dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden."38 General extent and boundaries are indicated with geographic notation. Fully developed human characteristics are certainly in view with emphasis on recognition of those boundaries.
21. Material accumulation (individual). "And he builded a city."39 Accumulation beyond food gathering is a uniquely human experience. Structured city-building indicates sophistication.
22. Cultural identification. "He builded a city, and called the name of the city..."40 There is no mistaking the fact that cultural extension and establishment are intended in the text. Scope and extent are not indicated, but cultural implications are explicit.
23. Engineering development. "...builded a city..."41 In order to build or envision a city of any size or complexity conceptional engineering functions are necessary. In some undeveloped communities these functions are not written or even expressed, but the functions are envisioned and employed. The ability to place one small building in relation to another is a basic concept requiring engineering perspective.
24. Offspring endowment. "...and called the name of the city after the name of his son, Enoch."42 Filial endowments are recognized as being an "ultimate" resource and expression of Homo sapiens. To find this characteristic listed among the ancients invited a restructuring of our views on man's history.
25. Material accumulation (cultural). "...dwell in tents ...have cattle..."43 Enlarged numbers of individuals are emphasized in the context of having possessions. Previously an individual had built a city, and now the description reaches beyond incidental practice to include the community.
26. Futuristic Projection. "Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in tents, and of such that have cattle."44 We here discover a principle of action and influence which intentionally passes to succeeding generations a resource of tents and cattle. Included in this influence upon future generations is the voluntary response of individuals within those future generations.
27. Manual dexterity. "...such as handle the harp and the organ."45 Handling harps and organs requires conceptional and physical expertise of uncommon accomplishment. Skillful manipulation of instruments enlarges the musician and the cultural audience, particularly if the young are exposed to the influence of music.
28. Artistic appreciation. "...all such as handle the harp and the organ."46 A community or guild association is most definitely implicated within the statement. Responsive appreciation in harmony with skillful dexterity would warrant applause from any historian looking back on this generation.
29. Responsibility assumption. "...an instructor of every artificer."47 The text could imply that the instructor worked with every single individual who was learning to work as an artisan or that he worked with individuals in various kinds of implements. In either case the responsibility assumed is phenomenal.
30. Instructional comprehension. "...instructor of every..."48 Cultural anthropologists and archaeologists have occupied decades in documenting isolated cultures in an attempt to follow their growth patterns from implement fabrication to instructional repetition. When this facility of verified, the colony is identified as being industrialized. Such is the cast in this text.
31. Systematic education. "...instructor of every artificer in brass and iron."49 If the intent of the text is that each succeeding student is referred to the primary instructor or that artisans are returning to the primary instructor as they take on work with new materials, the result is the same: systematic instruction is established within a community or the entire culture.
32. Technological advancement. in brass and iron..."50 Those who examine ancient civilizations separate brass and iron into distinct eras of development. Specific technology is required in the research (even if it is 'trial and error') and repeatable methods of fabricating implements from metallic bases. The purpose in making specific implements involved an advancement in the use of tools. Spanning both eras in the fabrication and purposeful use of the instrumentation demands a comprehension and assimilation at least equal to our own advanced civilization; and it probably deserves a designation superior to our own.
33. Attire awareness. "And Lamech said unto his two wives, Adah and Zillah...''51 In the original Hebrew the name "Adah" means "elegant ornament". Names are given designating a characteristic held by the person being named (or renamed) or a characteristic desired by the person giving the name. Such designations are given in reference to a known commodity or characteristic within the sphere of experience. Ornamentation and attire must have been observed in order to make such a distinction within the naming of an individual.
34. Personal defense. "And Lamech said unto his two wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice; ye wives of Lamech, Hearken unto my speech: for I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold."52 A marvelous explanation is here offered by a husband found slaying a young man who had wounded him and who had intended ultimate harm to him. Apparently desiring the good will and understanding of his wives, Lamech presented a full explanation on his own behalf. He was no longer in danger from the murderous young man, but he offers a self-defense explanation for his own home and perhaps in view of repercussions which might follow afterwards.
35. Comparative.justice. "If Cain shall be avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy and sevenfold."53 Reference is made to Cain, who in the past had sevenfold penalty promised upon anyone executing further injury toward him, and a "true" declaration of rightness is stated with a seventy and sevenfold vengeance.
36. Judicial consensus. "...said unto his wives ...hearken unto my speech..."54 The speaker is asking both persons addressed to listen and follow with consent. Extensive detail is given with a specific request relating to those details. Reference is made by Lamech to his "speech". A deliberate attempt is made to gain a unified response from both persons addressed. This is strikingly similar to our own judicial system.
37. Logistic reasoning. "...to my wounding...to my hurt ...avenged sevenfold...truly seventy and sevenfold..."55 Explanation is twice given that the young man was performing mortal damage against the speaker. There is a progression of climinal infliction from "wounding" to ultimate "hurt" (death) being exercised by the offending party. An appeal is made to understand that the speaker had slain the young man in order to protect his own life. Then a reference to comparative vengeance is claimed. This included both inductive and deductive reasoning powers in brilliant display.
38. Speech declamation. "Hearken unto my speech..."56 What follows is based on reflection, is thought out in advance, is addressed to a given audience, is systematic in presenting details, and is specific in requesting a response. This we call speech form, and it represents complicated actions, reasoning powers, and delivery.
39. Peer relationship. "Hearken."57 Relationship both in the present and in the response rendered in the future are encompassed in the related text. Sympathetic understanding is obviously requested by Lamech.
40. Reputation status. "...I have slain a man..."58 The context clearly bears the sense of Lamech's concern for understanding among those who would learn of the event. Great pains are taken to explain that the young man was attempting to slay the speaker.
41. Emotional response (positive). "And Adam knew his wife again; and she bare a son, and called his name Seth: For God, said she hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew."59 A child is named in grateful response to a loving God who understood the emotional void left after a previous child had been lost. Civilized awareness and conscientious response ensue.
42. Providential compensation. "...hath appointed me another seed instead of Abel, whom Cain slew."60 Awareness of providential justice and purpose underlies a basic philosophy within a culture. Ancient ability to hold a concept of benevolent philosophy endows ancient man with extremely sophisticated thought processes. In some instances man is able to purposefully and benevolently display consideration upon another. To no less a degree his awareness of divine intervention for his benefit would reflect the existence of this major sophisticated characteristic within ancient man.
43. Historical perspective. "And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness."61 A sense of having counted each year with its relationship in time to preceding and succeeding years is complicated enough, especially without ancestors to give a learning reference. In this instance we have exposed an additional ability - that of recycling number values, i.e. counting past one hundred. Additionally, we have related the birth of a son, and the son is associated with and compared to the characteristics of his father. Passage of time and events with association are in view.
44. Obituarial documentation. "And Adam lived...begat sons and daughters...and he died."62 Only advanced peoples record the birth, events, offspring and death of inhabitants. This practice memorializes the memory and record for succeeding generations.
45. Religious influence. "And he called his name Enos, then began men to call on the name of the Lord."63 A very interesting enlightenment is here provided for anthropologists, in keeping with their observations in numerous cultures. The child is named Enos, which means "a living mortal individual" (and one who by definition is obligated to be appreciative to the One Who gave him life, and one who is dependent on his Creator for sustaining that life). His mane takes the form of a declared statement. The influence of that name is that men "began to call upon the name of the Lord." The meaning and person of the name influenced men in religious response to call upon the Name of the Creator who is needed to sustain all men as mortals. This humble religious response is anthropologically elevating, because "primitive" cultures tend to think of themselves as "the only people" rather than responding in religious humility.
46. Genetic superiority. "And Adam (and Eve) were an hundred and thirty years old, and begat a son..."64 The ability to conceive and birth a son at one hundred thirty, then to continue to bear sons and daughters, is indicative of superior genetics. Purpose in the genetic design is demonstrated as each reproduces after its kind.
47. Genetic viability. "begat sons and daughters dwelt in tents...instructed...handled...hearken...built..."65 Dimensional and resourcefully reflective existence is portrayed among these ancients. They are seen as being at home in their environment, and in the truest anthropological sense, affecting that environment.
48. Origins inquisition. "And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the Lord hath cursed."66 The basic philosophic inquiries are: Who am I?, Where did I come from?, What is my purpose here?, and Where am I going? To find reference to these inquiries as a unit given in one succinct record among ancient peoples is most enlightening. The "who" ("us") is emphasized in relation to the purpose" ("toil and work of our hands" - burdensome labor balanced with meaningful accomplishment), and the "where am I going" ("comfort" - hope for the future) is given in the same sentence with the "where did I come from" (from a history of "toil" physically and a relationship of accountability to the "Lord - my Creator" physiologically).
49. Individual achievement. " .. .mighty men which were of old, men of renown."67 Numbers of legendary accomplishments are ascribed to a number of individual men. Renowned among their peers, the ancient achievers are cataloged in the record.
50. Recording capability. "...the same became...men of renown."68 The list included more than the accomplishments of a single man; it refers to men considered mighty and who were renowned within their own lifetimes. Whether the record of their deeds was oral or written is immaterial. To have mentally recorded names, ages, births, deaths and accomplishments is as astonishing in accomplishment as developing a system of writing.
51. Inventive precognition. "...imagination of the thoughts of his heart."69 Precognition is defined as the abilits to think before hand or to mentally design in advance. The emphasis within the text is that of proliferating deeds as a result of imaginative capacities. This ability can only be equated with our most advanced leaders, scientists and researchers in today's academic institutions.
52. Directed concentration. "...great in the earth... every imagination...only...continually"70 Performance of deeds resulted from concerted mental activity. A unified purpose aligned with a very active motivated imagination characterized the entire culture and was practiced individually throughout the society. To find a record of this unified practice among all citizens strongly suggests that the gene pool was superior, recent and uncontaminated.
53. Criminal propensity (cultural). ". . .wickedness of man was great in the earth...every imagination to...only evil continually.''71 The best modern illustration corresponding to this extensive social disease is that of Nazi Germany under Hitler. Negative vices require as much mental ingenuity as do positive virtues.
54. Purposeful motivation (negative). "The earth was also corrupt...filled with violence."72 Individual incessant action was applied which violated established moral values (the term "corrupt" is used).
55. Social influence. "All flesh had corrupted his way.' 73
56. Anthropologists make notations for the seemingly incidental behavior of all members of a clan, tribe or culture. It is recognized that this seemingly incidental activity is inherently bound to the total genetic potential of the group as a whole. The whole culture was impressionable to the point of responding to the synergistic influence of violent corruption.
57. Purposeful motivation (Positive). "Thus did Noah: according to all that God commanded him, so did he."74 Emphasis isplaced on the words "all...commanded...did". That one man (and his family) had the physical, mental and volitional capacity to follow purposeful instruction with conscious extended performance, and that the rest of an entire race of man was purposefully motivated to violate the same expressed instruction, emphasizes very strong evidence that the race as a whole possessed the genetic capabilities of each member of the race.

That other researchers have reached a similar conclusion is documented by Homer Duncan when he quotes a well-known biologist of the Smithsonian Institution: "There is no evidence which would show man developing step by step from lower forms of life. There is nothing to show that man was in any way connected with the monkeys...He appeared suddenly and in substantially the same form as he is today..There are no such things as missing links...So far as concerns the major groups of animals, the creationists appear to have the best of the argument. There is not the slightest evidence that any one of the major groups arose from any other. Each is a special complex, related more or less closely to all the rest, and appearing therefore as a special and distinct creation."75